Impact of social marginalization on oral health-related quality of life in older adults

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and social marginalization in people aged 60 years and older enrolled in social security in Mexico. A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out in older adults. To assess the OHRQoL, the OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and the degree of social marginalization and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, simple frequencies and proportions were estimated. Student's t-test was used for comparison of means, and prevalence ratio (PR) and logistic regression were used to assess associations, all with a significance value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Perceived OHRQoL in the population measured through the OHIP-14 reached an average value of 9.84 ± 8.91, with the highest value in the dimension of physical pain (2.06 ± 1.91). Perceived treatment need was higher among people with social marginality (p = 0.011). The multivariate analysis shows that marginalized people have a lower OHRQoL. Socially marginalized older adults showed a low a better perception of OHRQoL, independent of demographic and clinical factors.

Vulnerabilidad al acceso a los servicios de salud de los trabajadores informales en México ante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 / Vulnerability of access to health services for informal workers in Mexico in the face of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Resumen El presente ensayo critico-reflexivo problematiza las dinámicas laborales en el marco de la informalidad considerado como un determinante para acceso al sistema de salud en México y discute la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores ante la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la visibilización del problema para motivar la construcción en propuestas que contribuyan a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras garantizando su derecho a la salud.

Abstract This critical-reflective essay problematizes the labor dynamics in the framework of informality considered as a determinant for access to the health system in Mexico and discusses the vulnerability of workers to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This analysis aims to contribute to the construction of proposals aimed at improving the lives of male and female workers by guaranteeing their right to health.

Mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2 y la implementación del programa PREVENIMSS: un estudio de series de tiempo en México, 1998-2015 / Mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2 e implementação do programa PREVENIMSS: um estudo de série temporal no México, 1998-2015 / Mortality from type 2 diabetes and implementation of the PREVENIMSS program: a time series study in Mexico, 1998-2015

Resumen: La diabetes tipo 2 es la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo. En México es la primera causa de mortalidad, discapacidad, años perdidos por muerte prematura. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) implementó la estrategia PREVENIMSS. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de dicho programa en la tendencia de la mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2, realizando un análisis de series de tiempo interrumpidas. Al inicio del periodo de tiempo analizado, la tasa de mortalidad de diabetes en los derechohabientes era mayor, en comparación con la población control. Posterior a la implementación del programa, se presentó una discreta reducción en la tendencia de la mortalidad, mientras que en el grupo control la tendencia fue ascendente. Las diferencias encontradas en las tendencias entre las poblaciones comparadas sugieren que no son resultado exclusivo de las intervenciones institucionales. Las condiciones de vida y de trabajo podrían explicar dichas diferencias.

Resumo: O diabetes tipo 2 é a primeira causa de morbi-mortalidade no mundo. No México, é a primeira causa de mortalidade, incapacidade e anos de vida perdidos. O Instituto Mexicano de Seguridade Social (IMSS) implementou a estratégia conhecida como PREVENIMSS. O estudo atual teve como objetivo estimar o efeito do programa sobre a tendência na mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2, com base em uma análise de série temporal ininterrupta. No início do período de estudo, a taxa de mortalidade por diabetes era mais alta entre segurados do IMSS do que na população controle. Depois da implementação do programa, houve uma pequena redução na mortalidade, enquanto o grupo controle mostrava uma tendência crescente. Diferenças nas tendências entre os dois grupos sugerem que não resultam exclusivamente de intervenções institucionais. As condições de vida e de trabalho podem ajudar a explicar essas diferenças.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Mexico it is the first cause of mortality, disability, and potential years of life lost due to premature death. The Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) implemented the PREVENIMSS strategy. The aim of the current study was to estimate the program's effect on the mortality trend from type 2 diabetes, based on an interrupted time series analysis. At the beginning of the target period, the diabetes mortality rate was higher in IMSS beneficiaries than in the control population. After the program's implementation, there was a slight reduction in the mortality trend, while the control group showed an upward trend. Differences in the trends between the two groups suggest that they are not the exclusive result of institutional interventions. Living and work conditions could explain these differences.

Asociación de los tipos de carencia y grado de desarrollo humano con la mortalidad infantil en México, 2008 / Association between types of need, human development index, and infant mortality in Mexico, 2008

The aim of this study was to assess the association between different types of economic and social deprivation and infant mortality rates reported in 2008 in Mexico. We conducted an ecological study analyzing the correlation and relative risk between the human development index and levels of social and economic differences in State and national infant mortality rates. There was a strong correlation between higher human development and lower infant mortality. Low schooling and poor housing and crowding were associated with higher infant mortality. Although infant mortality has declined dramatically in Mexico over the last 28 years, the decrease has not been homogeneous, and there are persistent inequalities that determine mortality rates in relation to different poverty levels. Programs with a multidisciplinary approach are needed to decrease infant mortality rates through comprehensive individual and family development.

El objetivo del artículo fue conocer la asociación entre los diferentes tipos de carencia social y económica y los niveles de mortalidad infantil reportados durante el 2008 en México. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, analizando la correlación y el riesgo relativo entre el índice de desarrollo humano y distintos niveles de carencias sociales y económicas con las tasas de mortalidad infantil reportadas a nivel nacional y estatal. Existe una fuerte correlación entre un mayor nivel de desarrollo humano con una menor tasa de mortalidad. La carencia educativa y el atraso en la calidad y espacio de la vivienda se asocian con una mayor tasa de mortalidad infantil. Si bien la mortalidad infantil en México ha disminuido notablemente en los últimos 28 años, su reducción no ha sido homogénea y se mantienen inequidades que determinan las tasas de mortalidad en relación a los niveles diferenciados de pobreza. Es necesario el diseño de programas con una visión transdisciplinaria que permitan disminuir las tasas de mortalidad con el pleno desarrollo de los individuos y sus familias.